Sophocles Oedipus Rex Essays - Oedipus The King, Operas, Tiresias

Sophocles' Oedipus Rex Throughout history there have been some astonishing Greek plays. Some plays were more comedic in nature, so were romance plays and then there were some that were tragic plays. One of the greatest Greek tragedy plays ever written was Oedipus the King. Brilliantly conceived and written, Oedipus the King dramatizes the self-discovery and tragic downfall of Oedipus, the King of Thebes. It tells the story about a young Greek who was fated to murder his father, marry his mother, and in the process become the King of Thebes, before ultimately meeting his downfall due to his own deeds. That makes this play so fascinating is that there are numerous underlying themes within the story, and I will attempt to shed light on one of these themes, that being the dramatic irony of blindness. I shall do this by focusing on the words and actions of a minor character in the play, Tiresias. A minor character is a character that is developed in such a way to help reveal themes and depict certain literary devices. Literary devices are used in mostly all literary works, as they can help reveal pertinent information and also move the story along. In the play Oedipus Rex by Sophocles, the minor character of Tiresias is responsible for foreshadowing Oedipus' fate, developing the theme of blindness, and also illustrating dramatic irony. Tiresias uses his fortune teller abilities to foreshadow the anguish and destruction that Oedipus will encounter after he learns the truths of his life. Tiresias is also responsible for further developing the theme of blindness by using his own physical blindness to reveal to Oedipus his intellectual blindness. Lastly, Tiresias is ultimately responsible for imposing dramatic irony because of his great knowledge of the truth of Oedipus. In Sophocles' Oedipus Rex, the character of Tiresias is developed in such a way that he utilizes many dramatic devices in order to reveal information and move the play along. As a fortune teller, Tiresias is able to see the fate and destruction of Oedipus' life. Tiresias uses his great ability to reveal to the reader the downfalls in Oedipus' life that will soon occur because of his quest to know his fate. The character of Tiresias demonstrates the use of foreshadowing in order for the reader to be aware of Oedipus' fate. ?You have mocked at my blindness, but you, who have eyes, cannot see the evil in which you stand; you cannot see where you are living, not with whom you share your house. Do you even know who your parents are? Without knowing it, you are the enemy of your own flesh and blood, the dead below and the living above here. The double-edged curse of your mother and father, moving on dread feet, shall one day drive you from this land. You see straight now but then you will see darkness. You will scream aloud on that day; there is no place which shall not hear you, no part of Mount Cithaeron here which will not ring its echo, on that day when you know the truth about your wedding, that evil harbor in which you sailed before a fair wind. There is a multitude of horrors which you do not even suspect, and they will equate you to yourself and to your own children.? Oedipus the King, pg 28. This passage foreshadows the destruction and misery that will soon be a part of Oedipus' life. Tiresias also foreshadows the self-mutilation and destruction of Oedipus. The following quotation clearly displays the use of foreshadowing by Tiresias, ?You see straight now but then you will see darkness.? Oedipus the King, pg 28. The preceding quotation foreshadows the self-destruction that Oedipus will commit because of the blindness that he holds towards his past and his fate. Tiresias explains to Oedipus that even though he can physically see now, in the future he will be blinded because he has learned the truth of his life. Tiresias clearly utilizes foreshadowing to illustrate the downfalls that will occur in Oedipus' fated life. Tiresias further develops the theme of blindness in Oedipus the King. Tiresias is a blind man who can actually see the fated outcome of Oedipus' life. Even though Oedipus has full use

The Decline of Rome essays

The Decline of Rome essays The Roman Empire stood in great power for many decades. For an extensive period of time Rome was considered the center of civilization. For the empire was beautiful and attracted many invaders, the walls surrounding the empire and of course the powerful army served as protective forces against the invaders Some people believed that the Roman Empire would last forever. The fall of the eastern half of Rome was a result of major political, military, economic, and social problems. The western half lived on throughout the Byzantine Empire. The downfall of these four key aspects of Roman society destroyed the fabric of the great Roman Civilization. The various political problems that accursed in Rome were related to the fact that there was no law of succession to the throne. In the absence of a law of succession to the throne, in the most powerful military leader declared himself Emperor of Rome. An example of this is Julius Caesar, declared himself dictator after great military conquest. Caesar was a great leader for Rome, but there were Emperors that were given the title that were incapable of the responsibilities. Neros rule led to military rebellion and opened the path to widespread disruption. The empire was overextended. Rome controlled so much of the world that the majority of the Roman legion was composed of soldiers whose roots were not based in Roman culture. As a result, the quality of the Roman soldier became poor. These long-term military causes were threatening to Rome. There were consequences causes that would arise if Rome were to be attacked. The impoverished state of the Western Empire resulted in a weak m ilitary. The soldiers were no longer loyal to the army and their emperor. There were very few that would risk their lives for the empire. Now there were many foreign soldiers who served for pay. This made it that much harder to be able to hold a large army. There was not the type of ...

Bulling and Cyberbulling

This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies. It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying. These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person’s back. It is designed to harm someone’s social reputation and/or cause humiliation. Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone’s social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time. It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop. If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer. But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then talk to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/20 1103/201103carrgregg. pdf Bulling and Cyberbulling Bulling and Cyberbulling This essay will address the issue of both bullying, harassment and in particular cyber bullies. It will also suggest ways to cope with bulling According to schools. nsw. edu. au bullying is repeated verbal, physical, social or psychological behaviour that is harmful and involves the misuse of power by an individual or group towards one or more persons. The Department of Education and Early Childhood Development’s Building Respectful and Safe Schools (2010) identifies four types of bullying. These are: * Physical bullying -Physical bullying is bullying physically including hitting, kicking, tripping, pinching and pushing or damaging property. * Verbal bullying- Verbal bullying is bullying someone using words. For example-name calling, insults, teasing, intimidation, homophobic or racist remarks, or verbal abuse. * Covert bullying- Covert bullying is often harder to recognise and can be carried out behind the bullied person’s back. It is designed to harm someone’s social reputation and/or cause humiliation. Covert bullying includes: lying and spreading rumours, negative facial or physical gestures, menacing or contemptuous looks, playing nasty jokes to embarrass and humiliate, mimicking unkindly, encouraging others to socially exclude someone and damaging someone’s social reputation or social acceptance * Cyber bullying- Cyber bullying is overt or covert bullying behaviours using digital technologies. Examples include harassment via a mobile phone, setting up a defamatory personal website or deliberately excluding someone from social networking spaces. Cyber bullying can happen at any time. It can be in public or in private and sometimes only known to the target and the person bullying. Bulling is not mutual arguments and disagreements, single episodes of social rejection or dislike, single episode acts of nastiness or spite, random acts of aggression or intimidation. The standard definition for harassment is unwanted conduct on the grounds of race, gender, sexual orientation etc. which has the purpose or effect of either violating the claimant’s dignity, or creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for them. All bulling is harassment but not all harassment is bulling. Bulling has both short term and long term effects for the victims. Although severe long term effects can be avoided by stopping bulling as early as possible. The short term effects can include issues at school (i. e. lower academic achievement), depression and anxiety, increased feelings of sadness and loneliness, changes in sleep and eating patterns, and loss of interest in activities they used to enjoy. These issues may persist into adulthood. In extreme cases bullied children may also have suicidal tendencies. Long term effects can include: a greater risk of depression and lower self-esteem later in later life, more likely to have problems with alcohol and drug use and it is more likely they will have suicidal thoughts Demonstrating assertive behaviour when bullied or harassed can often help reduce bulling. Assertive behaviour is not aggressive. It’s saying things in a direct and honest way. Saying things such as stop it, I don’t like it and what you’re saying isn’t very nice please stop. If you are being bullied or harassed the most important thing to do is tell someone. People like a trusted adult such as a teacher, councillor or parent are all good to tell. If all else fails call a kids or bulling helpline such the kids helpline on 1800 55 1800. Cyber bullying is when a child, preteen or teen is tormented, threatened, harassed, humiliated, embarrassed or otherwise targeted by another child, preteen or teen using the Internet, interactive and digital technologies or mobile phones. It has to have a minor on both sides, or at least have been instigated by a minor against another minor. Once adults become involved, it is plain and simple cyber-harassment or cyber stalking. Adult cyber-harassment or cyber stalking is NEVER called cyber bullying. The actions of a cyber-bully are biasedly verbal bulling over technology. This is includes messaging on a social site, email and texting. There is no way to completely avoid cyber bullies unless you pretty much stop using the computer. But there are things you can do to lessen the chance of being cyber bullied. Firstly if you think you might be being cyber bullied then talk to a trusted adult. Secondly if the bulling is happening over social networking sites then most sites give you the option to block people. If it’s over the phone then talk to your parents about getting a new number. Bibliography http://ncab. org. au/fourkindsofbullying/ 24/8/12 http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. html#suicide 24/8/12 http://library. hinkquest. org/07aug/00117/bullyingconsequences. html 24/8/12 http://www. cyberbullying. info/ http://au. reachout. com/Factsheets/C/Cyberbullying http://www. cybersmart. gov. au/Kids/Tips%20to%20stay%20safe%20and%20cybersmart/Cyberbullying. aspx http://www. bullyingnoway. gov. au/ http://www. bullying. com. au/ http://www. youthbeyondblue. com/factsheets-and-info/fact-sheet-20-bullying/ http://www. stopbullying. gov/at-risk/effects/index. htmlhttp://www. racgp. org. au/afp/20 1103/201103carrgregg. pdf

Professionalism in Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Professionalism in Education - Essay Example According to the report findings learners usually move into the education sector with a difficult historical background regarding their formal education, prompting some of them to view it as the last resort prior to dropping out of education and training completely. This paper highlights the notion echoed in the Wolf Report that learners consequently require the most profound and excellent teaching for making sure that they stay on track and have the ability to make wise decisions while taking the right subsequent stages to protect their future of continuous employment.As the discussion stresses  it is important that every form of learning programme, such as apprenticeships go along with the best methods of teaching, learning as well as the assessment of the outcomes that are considered appropriate. Generally, teachers need to display their confidence in their existing learners by nurturing them for future endeavours in the education sector. Such initiatives begin with the provisio n of the highest quality training and assessment possible with the intention of building a solid foundation of skills, as they develop their careers progressively. In line with FE, the significance of constantly good or exceptional training, together with the highest quality of assessment methods, results in the most successful learning outcomes, making it a more substantial form of provision.  The UK government has tried to execute a form of professionalism by statute in the past decade on the further through advancing nationwide occupational standards for teachers.

The Advantages and Trials of Effectively Introducing a VLE at a Assignment

The Advantages and Trials of Effectively Introducing a VLE at a University in Saudi Arabia - Assignment Example A Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) is a software program devised to facilitate instructors in the management of courses for their students. It aims at helping students and teachers with course administration. It can also track the student’s progress which can be monitored by both the learners and instructors. VLEs are mostly viewed as being helpful in distance learning but in practice they are equally beneficial in supplementing face-to-face classroom. Typically, the application of VLEs enables the users to easily upload their materials and resources, offers an integrated set of internet tools and provides a consistent look and feel that can be customized by the user. Therefore, the employment of technology to support learning is largely prevailed by the use of VLEs. In this paper, the main concern will be how VLE has been used in EFL teaching and how it can be employed in EFL studies at the University of Ha’il. EFL (English as a Foreign Language) courses among a vari ety of other courses offered in institutions of higher education, have witnessed changes in the recent years which include high enrollment rates, increasing diversity of students and less resources. In addition, EFL courses are likely to be enrolling students who are mature, possessing other qualifications other than the already existing A-levels or at times studying part time (M.Owen, 2000). These students have different backgrounds, preferences and skills in the way they learn. Moreover, these students have expectations of studying current and new trends in technology. In the United States, for example, the EFL population has been raising over the past years (K. Sharma, 2010). Therefore, the language need of EFL and ESL students have prompted teachers to devise new and innovative methods of educating these students. The Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages (TESOL) have come up with accessibility standards that will apply to EFL and ESL students. They argued that all EFL students should have access to services provided by their institutions, should be given appropriate curriculum, and have equitable and fair assessments. They should also be offered a positive learning environment. Recently, a majority of EFL tutors have chosen VLE as an aid in meeting and satisfying the above standards. In EFL pedagogical issues are more common in the employment of technology. Pedagogical content knowledge focuses on the strategies used in teaching, that is, those strategies that bring about the best learning experience for every learner. It involves learning different teaching approaches that make the learning process more suitable to the students. In this case, the tutor should be flexible in adjusting instructions to cater for the various learning styles, interests and abilities. The major essence of pedagogical studies is to know how to best teach a concept so that the learners will receive the best learning experience. The different teaching approaches empl oyed may differ from one tutor to the other (Salmon, 2005). In EFL courses, teachers can use pedagogical studies and include technology knowledge. This is referred to as technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK). The development of TPCK by tutors is crucial to effective teaching with technology. EFL teachers are emphasized in TPCK since they are viewed as autonomous agents with the power to significantly

Asylum Seekers Essay Example for Free

Asylum Seekers Essay The still images of Asylum seekers revealed the medias uncaring attitude towards them. The media believe that asylum seekers are nothing but poor helpless scroungers who soak up others countries fund. I thought that the most powerful image was the one that had a scruffy haired woman reaching out with one hand. This to me was a very effective still image because it mirrored the medias opinion both proximally and kinetically. The womans facial expressions suggested that she was distressed and desperate which in an example of the pictures that are always conveyed in the media. Furthermore the womans gestus (Hand out in need) represented how she needed some aid and refuge. An act that is perceived by the media, as a way to sponge of the countries services, such as healthcare and housing. I conveyed my attitude towards asylum seekers and refugees by taking part in an attitude continuum. I place myself in the number 7 spot 3 places away from being totally sympathetic (10) and 7 spaces away from having a hostile attitude (1). I placed my self here because I believe that as a Christian we should help any one in need and provide refuge for them. However I also feel that we should help the homeless and needy in our own country first. In our still image sequence we acted as farmers in order to show our understanding of the line When the sun says goodnight to the mountains. I am dreaming of the sun saying goodnight. We believed that the lines meant that the sun is ruining all of the Caribbean farmers crops. So without anything to harvest the farmer, owner and the buyer are all badly effected. We showed this with two images. The first one with the farmer sitting around doing nothing because without the rain he could not grow is a crop. The farmer tells the audience without my job on the farm I cannot feed my family. The owner of the farm is seen with is hands empty as he looks nervously at the buyer and says because of the lack of rain I have no harvest to sell. Lastly the buyer looks frustrated at the owner as he proclaims to the audience. Because of the lack of rain I have no harvest to buy cheap and then sell for a profit.

The Anti-Marijuana Advertising Campaign :: Research Essays

The Anti-Marijuana Advertising Campaign: Public Service Announcements or Public Disservice Announcements? For nearly one hundred and fifty years marijuana has been illegal in the United States of America. Though marijuana naturally grew in all of our fifty states, it was outlawed due the superior strength and durability of hemp rope. This threatened to replace cotton rope, which would cost wealthy cotton owners a lot of money. To this day marijuana is still outlawed in the U.S., however rope has nothing to do with it. Once slavery and the â€Å"cotton boom† were over hemp made a little bit of a comeback in a smoking form. Then, in the early 1940’s the government began releasing anti-marijuana propaganda. In the 1960’s when marijuana became popular amongst pop-culture, a movie by the name of â€Å"Reefer Madness† was released depicting marijuana users as fiends and criminals who’s normal everyday lives fell apart, and spun out of control due to the addiction to the drug. Even in the present day organizations, as well as the government, continue to try and sway people from using the substance by portraying users as irresponsible idiots. Some examples of behaviors portrayed in the commercials are: accidental shootings, running over a little girl on a bike, molesting a passed out girl, supporting terror, and impregnating/becoming impregnated. I feel that these advertisements are ridiculously tasteless and misleading. Through personal experience, surveys, an interview, and a case study I intend to prove that marijuana users do not behave in the fashion that the anti-marijuana campaign ads would suggest, and furthermore, I expect to find that the ads so grossly misrepresent the common user, even those who do not use disagree with the negative portrayals. I also challenge you to think about the suggested situations and behaviors from the commercials, I feel that you’ll see every situation and behavior in the advertisements is much more feasible to a person under the influence of alcohol than under the influence of marij uana. In order to test my theory I was going to need to use a few different methods of obtaining data. The first method is for me to just use past experiences from my own life. I use marijuana on a regular basis and have friends who do as well, so this is a good base for looking at how people act when using the substance.

Morality of war in Afghanistan and Iraq Essay

The war in Afghanistan and Iraq are referred by President Bush as wars against terror. They came as a result of the events that happened in the land of America in September 11th 2007. During this time America was attacked by terrorists who bombed the World Trade Center and Washington’s defense unit; the pentagon. These two attacks led to the loss of about 3000 lives. Immediately the US president declared war on Afghanistan which was said to harbor the world’s terrorist Osama bin Laden who masterminded the attacks. Later, he also attacked Iraq after Saddam Hussein said that he also happy to learn that America was attacked though he was not responsible. When both nations were attacked by USA in the name of war against terror, they retaliated. Now the question of morality comes in, who had a right to fight back, is it USA or the so called terrorists? It is this question of morality that will be my main focus on this paper. On 11th September 2001, America was hit by what seemed to be a well coordinated terrorist attack. There were about 19 terrorists who worked in groups of 4 or 5 to execute their plans. They used American jetliners as bombs to hit their two targets that is, the twin towers of the World Trade Centre and the Pentagon which is the USA’s military headquarters at Arlington, Virginia. The other plane which was also hijacked failed to hit its target after the passengers realized what was going on and fought back. It crashed somewhere in rural fields of Pennsylvania. All these acts showed every traits of terrorism. And the 19 men who were involved were Arabs who came from Saudi Arabia, Egypt and other Arab countries. They were all linked to the al-Qaeda network which is an Islamic group headed by Osama bin laden. This organization is dedicated to wage war against USA and their main targets include financial, political and military section. It has never witnessed such deaths since the civil war ended. This is why Bush found it morally right to protect and to fight for he thought it wise to stand up to their bullies. The al-Qaeda network started when Osama bin laden offered himself to support Afghanistan in 1980’s against the occupation by the Union of Soviet Socialist State (USSR). He financed the anti-soviet resistance. After he succeeded in chasing the Soviet out, Osama devoted himself to fight for Muslims in other regions in the world. He was especially angered by the stationing of USA military in Saudi Arabia and the idea of United States for supporting Israel against Palestine in the Arab- Israel war. Osama is an extremist who believed that no US citizen should step in the Muslim land and is totally opposed to the Western influences. Osama bin laden is not an Afghanistan citizen. Afghanistan as an independent nation and it had its every right to fight back USA. Any independent nation should be able to protect its citizens against any external aggression. So, this is one of these obligations that Iraq and Afghanistan were meeting (Press release. 2007 Sept 27) Again, Afghanistan had every right to fight USA back in support of Osama bin laden- the said master minder. This is because a friend in deed is a friend in need. Osama and his al-Qaeda, network saved them from external aggression by the USSR. Now it was their turn to help him. You scratch my back, I scratch yours. By not fighting back was not only a sign of cowardice but also being ungrateful. The Taliban regime depended on Osama’s wealth. He helped to organize and equip all military training camps USA should have used diplomatic strategies to arrest Osama bin laden and bring an end to the operations of the al-Qaeda. According to Martin Luther King junior, you do not pay evil with evil, it will escalate to a very terrible thing. There was no way the attacked nations could have remained quiet. Yes war is not the answer and should be the last option but cannot face your enemy who is armed with open arms. For this reason, I don’t see anything unusual or bad with Iraq and Afghanistan retaliating. Therefore, they were justified to fight back. To the affected Arab nations, the September 11th, 2001 attacks if anything, was a revenge of harms done by USA to the Arab states. USA has been against the Arabs since the Israel Palestine conflict. The US government thought that it must teach these deviant nations a lesson by attacking them. They knew that US is superior to them but they had slow down its move. They were aware that that if you give your enemy an inch, they will take a mile so by fighting back, they were only reducing further military interventions. According to the Muslims (Scott D. M. , 2005) staging a holy war is not morally wrong. Muslims do value holy war or what is called Jihad. To Muslims jihad war should be directed to a visible enemy, against devil inducements and on one’s self aspects. So, by Afghanistan and Iraq fighting back, they were only fulfilling the teachings of Koran. According to them, America fits the description of a foe and it should be shunned from entering in any of the Muslim territories. According to Saddam, it was alright to fight your foe. He was a very strong supporter of this course. In one of his speech that was read by the Information Minister Saeed Al sahaf he said, â€Å"O great warrior nation, O sons our great nation men of arms who uphold the honor of resistance, God’s peace be upon you as you face the aggressors the enemies of God and humanity the passing infidels, with chests filled with faith and love for God. † In his speech he argued people to fight against their enemy, â€Å"The aggressors will flee from what is right and be damned along with their devils. Faith and honor will brighten the faces of Mujahedden (holy fighters), men and women. † He said. Saddam Hussein justified the course he took of fighting Americans and Persians. He died cursing both of them. Before he died he argued all Muslims from all over world to unite and fight their common enemy. By fighting Americans they are only acting according to the Koran’s teachings. After the September 11 attack (Press release. 2007 Sept 27)Saddam was heard saying that the act was heroic though he was not responsible there was no indication that Iraq was responsible for the attack Saddam Hussein celebrated the attacks on USA just a few days after the attack. He said that the attacks were the fruits of the crimes they had committed against humanity. There was no evidence pointing Iraq to the attack so, there was no way they could have allowed USA to attack them. Any move to punish them was resisted by fighting back. America attacked Iraq on allegations that it was involved in the 2001 September 11 attack. What I think prompted US to act against Iraq is the Saddam’s speech after the attack. It should be known that everybody should feel free to express his ideas whenever he feels like. That is why there is freedom of expression. Therefore, Saddam was only exercising his freedom of speech. In Afghanistan, the US government crushed the Taliban government and put another government of their choice. This can be said to be interfering with other states affairs. Taliban was the ruling government before it was ousted by the American troops. Thus, they were fighting back to take their former leadership positions. On the other hand, I think America had all the rights to attack Afghanistan. This is because all the evidence was pointing on Afghanistan. For example in 2007 a videotape was discovered in Afghanistan. It provided insights in Osama’s thinking and ties to the attack. This video was discovered in November 2001 and was conversation between Osama bin laden and the Arab Sheik who had visited Afghanistan. In the tape Osama bin Laden could be heard saying how he premeditated the attacks. He even knew the number of people who would be victims of the attack. Also, because he is a construction engineer, he knew that the best floors to target were three or four because the fine caused by the caused by the gas on the plane would melt all the iron above it and make the while building to collapse. This was enough evidence that linked Osama bin laden, Taliban government and USA attack. Though this tape linked Afghanistan with September eleven attacks, it was not enough evidence to prove that they are the one who did that. May be the tape was recorded by people who wanted to make a name for al-Qaeda? Even before the tape was discovered, USA had already started to revenge on Afghanistan as on 7TH October 2001(Bergen P. , 2006)

The process of economic integration

Chapter 1: The route to EMU/Euro AreaEconomic integrating – definitionBecause the Economic and Monetary Union represent a portion of the procedure of economic integrating, foremost a definition of this term needs to be cleared. Jacques Pelkmans ( 2006 ) defines economic integrating as ‘the riddance of economic frontiers between two or more economies’ , normally with the intent of accomplishing different benefits such as a greater internal efficiency. An economic frontier is referred to as ‘any limit over which existent and possible mobilities of goods, services and production factors, every bit good as communicating flows, are comparatively low.’ The procedure of economic integrating is really complex and for this ground, several phases have been distinguished, depending on the strength grade. Therefore, as the grade of economic integrating additions, the economic barriers between the states lessening and their pecuniary and financial policies become more and more co-ordinated. Balassa’s work in this concern ( 1961 ) has identified 7 phases or stairss in the economic integrating, as follows:Free-trade country ( FTA )– duties are abolished between the members, but the states do hold the right to enforce any duties against 3rd states ( non members of the country ) ;Customss brotherhood ( CU )– no duties between members and a common external duty for the 3rd states is agreed upon ;Common market ( CM )– a imposts brotherhood with free motion of production factors, viz. labour and capital ;Economic brotherhood ( EU )– a common market with a high grade of coordination of economic policies ;Monetar y brotherhood ( MU )– a common market with fixed exchange rates or with a common currency go arounding in all member provinces ;Economic and pecuniary brotherhood ( EMU )– an country uniting the characteristics of both pecuniary and economic brotherhood, with integrating developing at the same clip in both policy fields’Full economic brotherhood ( FEU )– an country affecting a complete coordination of the economic systems of the member provinces, with common policies for all of import facets ; political integrating is besides a possible deduction.Presently, the European Union is in the 6th measure, being an Economic and Monetary Union. The route to this phase will be analyzed in the undermentioned subchapter.The Economic Monetary Union in EuropeThe Economic and Monetary Union was a much coveted end of the European Union, even before the Treaty of Rome, as it was expected to offer several benefits to its Member States, such as currency stableness, augmente d international trade and overall, a safe environment that would be able to supply higher employment and growing. Nevertheless, assorted political and economic barriers prevented the accomplishment of these aims until the Maastricht Treaty was signed in 1992. Ever since, the procedure of pecuniary integrating seems to hold progressed, with the states escalating their coordination. The way towards the Economic and Monetary Union and accordingly, towards the Euro Area, distinguishes four of import stages.From the Treaty of Rome to the Werner Report ( 1957 to 1970 )The Treaty of Rome, the international understanding which led to the foundation of the European Economic Community, assumed that the currencies were traveling to stay stable, as this was the natural result of the imposts brotherhood and subsequently, of the individual market. However, it did non take to the thought of a pecuniary brotherhood, even though it does mention to pecuniary and economic coordination, stipulating demands in this concern.( what demands – articles? ) Due to currencies turbulencies, the Bretton Woods System begins neglecting in the late sixtiess. Several states, such as France or United Kingdom had to devaluate their currencies, while others, such as Germany or Switzerland were compelled to appreciate them. This brought even more instability and endangered the common agricultural policy – at that clip, the chief achievement of the European Community. In this context, the Community was eager to specify new aims for its development during the following old ages. The Barre Report of 1969 proposes increased economic and pecuniary coordination of the policies of the European Community states and in the same twelvemonth, the accomplishment of the Economic and Monetary Union is set as a formal end at a acme in The Hague. In 1970, several of Europe’s leaders led by the Prime Minister of Luxembourg, Pierre Werner, submitted a study on how the Economic and Monetary Union can be reached in a three-step procedure in 10 years’ clip. This is the alleged Werner Report, which, along these chief aims, defined besides other of import ends, such as the irreversible convertibility of currencies, free motion of capital and even a individual currency, if possible. In order for all these to be attained, the study besides required more co-ordinated economic policies, with other of import determination to be made at the Community degree, refering involvement rates and national budgetary policies. However, the Werner Plan was traveling to neglect in making all its aims in the terminal.From the Werner Report to the European Monetary System ( 1979 to 1979 )The first phase of the Werner Report implied the narrowing of the exchange-rate fluctuations, which was an experimental effort, without any committedness to the farther phases. Unfortunately, this scheme didn’t take into history the fixed exchange-rate against the dollar and this led to a failure in carry throughing the first phase of the Report. In 1971, the Bretton Woods System fails, so the Werner Report can non accomplish its ab initio set out ends. In order to mend the state of affairs, most of the Member States create a mechanism meant to pull off the fluctuations of their currencies, fundamentally cut downing them to a narrow set, called the ‘snake’ . As a consequence of oil crises, dollar failing and policy divergency, the ‘snake’ was traveling to neglect within two old ages. However, this failure did non weaken the involvement for making a currency stableness part. In 1977, the president of the European Commission, Roy Jenkins, proposed a new program for the Economic and Monetary Union, which was eventually launched in March 1979 as the European Monetary System. All states participated at that clip, with the exclusion of the British lb, which was traveling to fall in in 199, but merely for two old ages. The EMS is defined as a ‘a matter-of-fact effort to come on along the route to economic and pecuniary union’ , with the chief aims of ‘to attain a zone of internal and external pecuniary stableness in Europe ( affecting both low rising prices and stable exchange rates ) , to supply the model for improved economic policy cooperation between Member States, to assist to relieve planetary pecuniary instability through common policies vis a vis 3rd currencies.’ ( EC, 1989 ) Besides, the chief elements of the European Monetary System agreement were the followers:The European Currency Unit ( ECU )– an unreal currency based on a leaden norm of all EMS currencies ;The Exchange Rate Mechanism ( ERM )– meant to cut down the variableness in exchange rate and range pecuniary stableness, as a foundation for the debut of the individual currency ;An expansion of short and average term recognition installationsto back up the attempts of the Member States for ac complishing stableness.The Exchange Rate Mechanism served as a mean of commanding the currency fluctuations in the EMS, doing certain these are kept within +/- 2.25 % against official bilateral exchange rate, with the exclusion of the currencies of Italy, Spain, Portugal and the United Kingdom, which could fluctuate by +/- 6 % . Furthermore, an index of divergency was used as an early warning system for step ining on the market, through accommodations in several facets, such as involvement rates or financial policy.( Mention of which was the index? –one time the exchange rate of a currency reached 75 % of the maximal fluctuation border authorized, the currency was considered as ‘divergent ‘ )From the start of European Monetary System to the Maastricht Treaty ( 1979 to 1991 )In the first old ages, the European Monetary System faced a batch of currency alterations, but in the terminal, it had proved to be a success. This farther increased the necessity of finishing the individual market, which would presume extinguishing all obstructions to the free motion of goods, services, capital and people. This was traveling to be a long and dearly-won procedure, but the benefits were so deserving it. In June 1988, the Committee for the Study of Economic and Monetary Union was formed, with the intent of analyzing and suggesting phases to be fulfilled to make EMU. The Committee was comprised of all the European Community cardinal bank governors and was chaired by Jacque Delors, the President of the Commission. The study of the Committee, well-known as the Delors Report, gave a definition of EMU’s end as ‘the common direction of pecuniary and economic policies to achieve common macroeconomic goals.’ Besides, it set out three stipulations for the EMU to be established: the sum and irreversible convertibility of currencies, complete liberalisation of capital minutess and integrating of the fiscal sector and irreversible lockup of exchange rates. Furthermore, the Delors Report besides specified the three phases towards EMU, which were the followers:Phase 1 ( 1990-1994 ) :Complete the internal market and take limitations on farther fiscal integrating.Phase 2 ( 1994-1999 ) :Establish the European Monetary Institute to beef up cardinal bank co-operation and fix for the European System of Central Banks ( ESCB ) . Plan the passage to the euro. Specify the future administration of the euro country ( the Stability and Growth Pact ) . Achieve economic convergence between Member States.Phase 3 ( 1999 onwards ) :Fix concluding exchange rates and passage to the euro. Establish the ECB and ESCB with independent pecuniary policy-making. Implement adhering budgetary regulations in Member States. ( European Commission )From the Maastricht Treaty to the euro and Euro Area ( 1991 to 2002 )The Maastricht Treaty was adopted in December 1991, during the 2nd portion of the first phase towards EMU. Once it was enforced, the 2nd phase began. Most s ignificantly, the Treaty set the ‘convergence criteria’ that the Member States desiring to follow the individual currency would hold to run into. These standards, along with the alliance of national Torahs of the Member States were supposed to guarantee the readying of a state for following the individual currency. They were fundamentally a usher for bespeaking a country’ stableness and sustainability reflected in their economic and pecuniary policy convergence and in their response to economic dazes. The end was set as accomplishing Emu and the conditions for this were besides established, viz. the Maastricht standards. Therefore, the European Union could travel one measure further. The first phase was completed at the beginning of 1994, when the motion of capital markets was declared free. The 2nd phase began instantly and it ended in 1999, when the debut of the euro marked an of import milepost for the EU.With the euro being launched, a new transitional period began that was traveling to last for three old ages. Initially, since 1999, the euro circulated as biblical money. The national currencies were still in being and were the chief footing for minutess, although in the fiscal universe, the passage was about immediate, the euro being used in every operation that was cashless. Merely in 2002, the euro bills and coins replaced the national 1s, which marked an tremendous alteration affecting all sectors of the economic system. The hard currency conversion was to the full complet ed in merely two months, when the national bills and coins ceased to be.1.3. Pull offing the Economic and Monetary UnionThe Economic and Monetary Union is seen as an instrument to assist accomplishing the aims of the European Union, chiefly balanced and sustainable economic growing and a high degree of employment. Furthermore, the EMU represents a shared duty, being managed by several establishments, belonging to both the European Union and the national Member States. This direction procedure is defined as ‘economic governance’ and it involves the undermentioned histrions:i‚Â · The European Commission, in charge of economic anticipation and of supervising the conformity of the EU states with the Stability and Growth regulations ;i‚Â · The European Council, which sets the chief policy orientations, being composed of all the caputs of province or authorities from the EU states ;i‚Â · The European Parliament, whose chief responsibility is to explicate Torahs and exercising democratic inadvertence over the direction of EMU ;i‚Â · The European Central Bank ( ECB ) , which fundamentally manages the pecuniary policy in the Euro Area, by commanding rising prices through puting involvement rates and stabilising monetary values ; it is portion of the European System of Central Banks ( ESCB ) ;i‚Â · The Council of the EU, with its chief constellation ECOFIN ( Economic and Financial Affairs Council ) , which is in charge of organizing the economic policy-making and make up one's minding assorted executions in SGP, every bit good as whether a Member State is ready for following the euro ;i‚Â · The Eurogroup, which is composed of the finance curates of all Euro Area states, together organizing the common involvement policies for the Euro Area Member States ;i‚Â · National authoritiess, which are required to put their budgets within the in agreement bounds for shortages and debts and to esteem and implement the de terminations taken by the Council of the EU.This direction together with the operation undertaken by EMU purpose at back uping its chief nonsubjective through suitably designed economic and pecuniary policies. This mainly refers to three basic activities that EMU seeks to recognize: set uping a compelling pecuniary policy for the Euro Area, keeping monetary value stableness being the most of import issue, efficaciously organizing the economic policies of the Member States and doing certain the individual market is decently operated.Furthermore, the EMU brings together pecuniary policy and economic policy, designed for advancing growing and continuing the strength and the stableness of the euro. These policies are the concern of either European establishments or national 1s, or of both of them at the same clip. For illustration, the economic policy in the Euro Area is still mostly the duty of the Member States, even though the EU Treaties and the EU economic administration regulation s have strengthened and necessitate more coordination refering this facet, in order for the EU aims to be reached. The chief constructions and establishments that guarantee this coordination are ECOFIN and the European Parliament.Beginning: European CommissionIt is of import to advert that the Stability and Growth Pact is the chief usher for organizing economic policy-making in the EU. The Pact was adopted by the Council of the EU in 1999 and has been subsequently revised and strengthened in 2005 and 2011. Its chief function trades with the enforcement of financial subject in the EMU, by guaranting sound and sustainable public fundss. As a regulation, it requires the authorities debt and shortages non to excel 60 % and severally 3 % of the GDP. If a Member State exceeds these imposed bounds, so it will be necessary for it to take disciplinary action, an inordinate shortage process. In certain instances, the Euro Area Member States can besides be forced to cover with fiscal punishmen ts, which fundamentally defines the ‘corrective arm’ of the SGP.The ‘preventive arm’ of the SGP trades with avoiding the inordinate shortages processs and make financial consolidation by accomplishing the medium-term budgetary aims. These are established by each Member State in portion, taking into consideration its present economic state of affairs. However, it can non transcend 1 % of the GDP for the Euro Area states and those take parting in the ERM II. Unlike the ‘corrective arm’ , the ‘preventive’ one does non enforce countenances on the Member States that fail in run intoing the aim, but does promote the authoritiess to follow this peculiar way, as it will take to sustainable budgets.Monetary policy nevertheless, remains the chief of import portion of the EMU and accordingly, of the Euro Area. It is managed by the European Central Bank and the National Central Banks of the Euro Area Member States ( the Eurosystem ) and it fun damentally implies the procedure of act uponing both involvement and exchange rates for profiting the economic system of a state. This is the chief responsibility of the ECB – to command the supply of money and keep monetary value stableness in the country. Particularly, the ECB purposes at maintaining the monetary value rising prices below, but near to 2 % , this mark being considered ideal for advancing growing and employment.

Store More Custom Data Into Tree Node in Delphi

Store More Custom Data Into Tree Node in Delphi The TTreeView Delphi component displays a hierarchical list of items- tree nodes. A node is presented by node text and an optional image. Each node in a tree view is an instance of a TTreeNode class. While you can fill in the tree view with items at design time, using the TreeView Items Editor, in most cases you would fill your tree view at run time- depending what your application is about. The TreeView Items Editor reveals theres only a handful of information you can attach to a node: text and a few image indexes (for the normal state, expanded, selected and alike). In essence, the tree view component is easy to program against. There are a couple of methods to add new nodes to the tree and set their hierarchy. Heres how to add 10 nodes to the tree view (named TreeView1). Note that the Items property provides access to all nodes in the tree. The AddChild adds a new node to the tree view. The first parameter is the parent node (to build up the hierarchy) and the second parameter is the node text. The AddChild returns the newly added TTreeNode. In the above code sample, all 10 nodes are added as root nodes (have no parent node). In any more complex situations you would want your nodes to carry more info- preferably to have some special values (properties) that are specific to the project you are developing. Say you want to display customer-order-item data from your database. Each customer can have more orders and each order is made up from more items. This is a hierarchical relation one can display in a tree view: In your database there would be more info for each order and for each item. The tree view displays the (read only) current state - and you want to see per order (or even per item) details for the selected order. When the user selects the node Order_1_1 you want the order details (total sum, date, etc) to get displayed to the user. You can, at that time fetch the required data from the database, BUT you would need to know the unique identifier (lets say an integer value) of the selected order to grab the correct data. We need a way to store this order identifier along with the node but we cannot use the Text property. The custom value we need to store in each node is an integer (just an example). When such a situation happens you might be tempted to look for the Tag property (many Delphi components have) but the Tag property is not exposed by the TTreeNode class. Add Custom Data To Tree Nodes:Â  The TreeNode.Data Property The Data property of a tree node allows you to associate your custom data with a tree node. Data is a pointer and can point to objects and records. The Displaying XML (RSS Feed) Data in a TreeView shows how to store a record type variable into the Data property of a tree node. Many item-type classes expose the Data property- you can use to store any object along with the item. An example is the TListItem of a TListView component. Heres how to add objects to the Data property. Add Custom Data To Tree Nodes:Â  The TreeView.CreateNodeClass If you do not want to use the Data property of the TTreeNode, but rather you would like to have your own TreeNode extended with a few properties, Delphi also has a solution. Say you want to be able to do Heres how to extend the standard TTreeNode with a few properties of your own: Create your TMyTreeNode by extending the TTreeNode.Add it a string property MyProperty.Handle the OnCreateNodeClass for the tree view to specify your node class should be created.Expose something like TreeView1_SelectedNode property on the form level. This would be of type TMyTreeNode.Handle tree views OnChange to write to the SelectedNode the value of the node that is selected.Use TreeView1_Selected.myProperty to read or write new custom value. Heres the full source code (TButton: Button1 and TTreeView: TreeView1 on a form): This time the Data property of the TTreeNode class is not used. Rather, you extend the TTreeNode class to have your own version of a tree node: TMyTreeNode. Using the OnCreateNodeClass event of the tree view, you create a node of your custom class instead of the standard TTreenode class.

Immigration in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immigration in America - Research Paper Example Among these, over 90,000 are nonimmigrant business people, students, workers and tourists, who get in to the nation through airports and border crossings. Approximately 3,000 of them are immigrants or expatriates, who would become permanent dwellers of the U.S. through special invitation. Moreover, over 1,000 of the immigrants are illegal aliens; typically, Mexicans, who dodge border controls, enter the United States, and inhabit. Several factors motivate these immigrants including religious, political, and economic factors. For the initial immigrants, Spaniards needed Christian converts in Florida and the southwest; the Puritans in Massachusetts wanted to institute a society limited to members of their faith while German sectarians wanted religious liberty in Pennsylvania (Martin & Midgley, 2003). Cynical perceptions of outsiders as belonging to a different race, ethnicity, economic status, religion, or political attachment have significantly interfered with America's interest for n ewcomers. Since the eighteenth century, the inborn Americans have raised various issues concerning the influx of immigrants in to the country. These issues include concerns regarding pressure on public services, job contest, and an apparent incapability of the U.S. to take in cultural foreigners easily (Ogletree, 2000). Several studies on the public opinion concerning immigrants in the 1960’s indicate that many of Americans proposed for the reduction of both authorized and unauthorized immigration. On the other hand, public opinion surveys carried out at the close of the 18th century indicate that the public were more lenient toward immigration. This is because there were low rates of unemployment and the economy was growing (Martin & Midgley, 2003). Immigration policies in America After the World War I, many Americans became more patriotic and demanded for the removal of foreign blood from their country. Consequently, this resulted in the development of various acts and poli cies aimed at regulating immigration in to America. For instance, this anti-immigrant climate prompted for the enactment of Immigration Acts of 1921 and 1924. These resultant acts instituted quota methods intended to decrease considerably the number of southern and eastern Europeans and to block all Asians. During this time, there was widespread perception that these foreigners were polluting the American culture. This perception carried a lot of weight in congressional discussions, as did the argument that strangers were the carriers of fundamental ideologies (Vecoli, 1996). For the nation’s first 100 years, the United States assisted immigration, welcoming aliens who could help to inhabit a huge nation. However, from the 1880s onwards, the United States started to block particular categories of immigrants. This comprised low-skilled contract workers, Chinese and prostitutes. Consequently, this led to the development of the phase of qualitative limitations on immigration. Ac cording to the United States laws and policies, immigrants are nationals of foreign countries given visas that permit them to live and work permanently in the United States

Literature & Gender Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Literature & Gender - Essay Example Moreover, Abbandonato quarrel that The Color Purple rewrites canonical male texts, but she does not talk about Walker's redrafting of the story of Philomela. Likewise, though critics such as Trudier Harris, Keith Byerman, Wendy Wall, Mae Henderson, and King-Kok Cheung have talk about Celie's attainment of private and public languages, none of these opponents has scrutinized Walker's reconfiguration of linguistic elements of the legend of Philomela. Unlike the original mythic text, as well as the novels of Morrison and Naylor, Walker's text gives Philomela a voice that productively resists the aggressive patriarchal dedication of male will onto a silent female body. Yet Walker does more than just allow Philomela to speak inside the confines of patriarchal dialogue. Furthermore, Walker's novel revises the myth of Philomela by creating a heroine's text that reconfigures the metaphorical state of affairs of sender-receiver-message and articulates Celie's progress away from a survival as a victim in a patriarchal plot toward a linguistic and narratological occurrence as the novelist/subject of her own story. Walker's novel also rewrites the myth during its formation of an option discourse that allows for the appearance of both mannish and female subjectivity --a language of the sewn that remove from the violence of patriarchal power, of patriarchal conversation. No doubt, Celie's skills as a seamstress together get back and refigure the myth of Philomela, for different Philomela's tapestry/text, Celie's sewing functions as an option line of attack of language that moves her away from aggression and persecution and into self-empowerment and prejudice. The novel also intentionally conflates the pen and the needle, thereby deconstructing the binary oppositions among the masculine and the womanly, the spoken and the silenced, the lexical along with the graphic. Moreover, Walker's reconfiguration of the legend of Philomela thus turns over the master dialogue and the master description of patriarchal society. In Walker's hands Philomela's speech turn out to be the gadget for a radical change of the individual as well as a dissident deconstruction of the power structures that undergird together patriarchal language and the patriarchal globe itself. If we analyze then we come to know that the Color Purple is about Celie's life. In the opening of the novel, we find out that Celie was raped by her father. We also learn that Celie's mother is ill and is incapable to take care of the family. Celie is forced to cook and spotless for her family. Celie imagine two children since of her father's incessant raping. She never sees her children and considers that her father killed them. After interpretation this novel, I understand that black women in the late 1800's and early 1900's had a extremely hard life. I had always typecast black woman throughout that time to be similar to Aunt Jemina. I have learned that black woman throughout the 1800's had to be strong and brave just to make it during the day. To stay alive a lifetime they had to look inside themselves to gather the